Goldsmith and Campos Cited in Sroufe, L. Goldsmith, H. Developmental Psychology. Goossens, F. Quality of infants' attachments to professional. Child Development, 61 , Hart, D. Developmental Psychology, 33 2 , Notaro, P. Infant Behaviour and Development, 22 3 , Kagan Cited in Weber, R. Individual verification in attachment security and strange situation behaviour: The role of maternal and infant temperament. Child Development, 57, Kelly, S. Child Development, 71 4 , Lemery, K. Developmental Psychology, 35 1 , Lengue, L.
Child Development, 69 1 , Lyons-Ruth, K. Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment.
Child Development , 61 , Mangelsdorf, S. Infant proneness-to-distress temperament, maternal personality, and mother-infant attachment: Associations and the goodness of fit. Child Develepment , 61 , Seifer, R. Attachment, maternal. Developmental Psychology , 32 , Sroufe, L. Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships.
Thomas and Chess, Van den Boom, D. Cited in Kohnstamm, G. Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddler hood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants.
Child Development , 66 , Van Ijzendoorn, M. The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: A meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples. Child Development , 63, Vaughn, B. Child Development, 51 , Cited in Buss, A. Temperament : Early developing Personality Traits. Lawrence Erlburum Associates, Publishers: London.
Weber, R. This essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows:. Stollnitz Eds. New York: Academic Press. Thomas, A. Temperament and behavior disorders in childhood. Your primary source for trends in the camp industry; the latest research in the field of youth development; and critical management tools and innovative programming ideas.
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In , the Harlows wrote: Although the attainment of primary satisfaction from nursing and physical contact characterizes the stage of comfort and attachment, we do not believe that these contribute equally. Out of Africa Bowlby's "secure base" theory of attachment has stood the test of time and inspired mountains of research. Some Like it Hot Attachment happens between children and caregivers, but what exists within children?
What to Pack for Camp The four studies summarized in this article have revolutionized child psychology by teaching us the following: children's attachment to their caregivers depends more on physical comfort than on satisfying hunger; secure attachment to loving, reliable caregivers provides a base from which children explore and learn; children's behavior during separation and reunion can reveal the nature of their attachment relationship; and children are born with some stable traits that shape not what they do, but how they do it.
Now, what are the practical implications you can pack for camp? Basic Needs Hot dogs and bug juice may be necessary to sustain life, but physical comforts are an essential ingredient to sustain emotional health. Campers may be comforted by appropriate touch, such as handshakes, hugs, high-fives, and pats on the back.
Social development requires plenty of healthy peer interaction. Ensure that staff are around to encourage energetic, interactive play and healthy risk-taking. Think of camp as a social garden where children are the flowers and the fertilizer. First-year campers, only-children, and home-schooled children may be less prepared for the intense social interactions at camp. Give them time and space to warm up to large group activities.
Make an extra effort to introduce them to others and nurture their social skills by setting a good example. Interpersonal warmth, reliability, and patience come with practice. Hire only staff with prior experience working with children. Security and Exploration Your staff are your campers' surrogate caregivers, and they should take their jobs as seriously as any parent.
Let the fact that they are protecting somebody's most cherished possession guide their judgment and leadership-by-example. Each camper's cabin, group, or unit has the potential to become a new secure base, similar to home. Train your staff to create a warm, reliable home-away-from-home. This will maximize the likelihood that children will participate in activities, make friends, and take healthy risks.
Rhythms and novelty form a satisfying equilibrium. Balance the newness, excitement, and intensity of each camp day with a predictable schedule, daily routines, quiet rest time, and meaningful rituals. Understand that homesickness is a normal reaction to separation. Attachment behaviors such as crying, letter-writing, and talking are developmentally appropriate ways that children have of seeking support and keeping in touch.
Encourage campers to express their thoughts and needs. Coach parents to respond to homesickness by expressing positive thoughts about camp and confidence in their child's abilities.
Attachment and Separation Separation from home, whether for eight hours or eight weeks, activates attachment behaviors that give you insight into campers' relationships with their parents.
If you detect anxiety, sadness, or homesickness, talk more with the parents and the camper in question to find out how you can help. In contrast, caregivers of infants with insecurely attachment tend to be less responsive to their baby's signs of distress and needs for comfort and protection. These caregivers are unavailable either physically, psychologically or emotionally and tend to be insensitive or unpredictable in their parenting style.
In , Sylvia Bell and Mary Ainsworth carried out a study of maternal responsiveness to infant crying. Mothers who were more responsive to their infant's cries had babies who cried less and expressed more varied vocalizations and gestures. Researchers have since tried to replicate these findings with mixed results. A review of 13 studies on maternal sensitivity and infant-caregiver attachment and a more recent review of 66 studies found a low to moderate effect of maternal sensitivity on attachment.
In general, the results are mixed and less compelling than the Bell and Ainsworth findings. This may be because of the way maternal sensitivity and attachment have been defined. In many cases, the definition of attachment is broader and includes more aspects of the infant-caregiver relationship than the original conception of attachment as a protective phenomenon used in the study. A few studies have examined maternal sensitivity specifically in protective situations.
One found that low maternal responsiveness had a significant effect on attachment but only when social support was low. Others found significant differences in maternal soothing of infant fussing between mothers of babies classified as secure and resistant. Another study found caregiver distress management predicted attachment security. Caregivers who promote disorganized attachment in their infants might have difficulty relieving infant distress because they are a source of fear to the baby.
There is some preliminary evidence to support this theory. Frightening, frightened or extremely insensitive caregiver behaviours have been found to be elevated in caregivers of infants classified as having disorganized attachment in the Strange Situation Paradigm. A more detailed discussion of parental influences on disorganized attachment will be included in Attachment part five: Attachment under adversity. As we have seen, parental attachment style predicts infant-caregiver attachment.
There is little evidence that specific personality traits in the caregiver are associated with a particular pattern of infant-caregiver attachment. Caregivers clearly have a role in the shaping of attachment patterns and behaviours. But can the same be said of infants? Do infant characteristics influence developing attachments? Some infant characteristics that have been studied by attachment researchers are infant temperament and the presence of a medical condition.
Temperament refers to those aspects of an infant's behaviour and emotional responsiveness which are genetically determined. It is impossible to get a pure measure of temperament since experience always has an influence on behaviour.
But in general, infants tend to display noticeable differences in behaviour that are present immediately after birth that likely have a significant genetic influence. Infant distress is a central component of attachment theory. It follows that infant temperament has a role in the development of attachment behaviours. Temperament and attachment theorists agree that attachment is influenced by both infant and caregiver factors but they differ with respect to the emphasis they place on each of these variables.
For attachment theorists, infant behaviour reflects the baby's expectations of the caregiver as a protector based on past experiences in times of stress. In contrast, temperament theorists believe that it is temperament and not history with caregivers which determines an infant's attachment classification.
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